Clinical, biochemical and histological features related to treatment response and prognosis in autoimmune hepatitis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare disease with a complex and not fully understood pathogenesis. Prognostic factors that might influence treatment response, relapse rates, and transplant-free survival are not well established. This study investigates clinical and biochemical markers associated with response to immunosuppression in patients with AIH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 101 patients with AIH treated with immunosuppressants and followed at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 1990 to 2018. Pretreatment data such as clinical profiles, laboratory, and histological exams were analyzed regarding biochemical response at one year, histological remission, relapse, and death/transplantation rates. RESULTS: Cirrhosis was present in 59 % of cases at diagnosis. One-year biochemical remission was observed in 55.7 % of the patients and was found to be a protective factor for liver transplant. Overall survival was 89 %. Patients with ascites at disease onset showed a higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/ alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio and elevated Model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. The presence of ascites was significantly associated with a 20-fold increase in mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: AIH has a severe clinical phenotype in Brazilians, with high rates of cirrhosis and low remission rates. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for achieving remission and reducing complications. The presence of ascites is significantly associated with mortality, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and prompt intervention. This study also stresses the need for further research on AIH in Latin America.

A new and simple score to predict adequate and deep response to ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with primary biliary cholangitis: the ALP-A score.

BACKGROUND: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the standard treatment for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), but a significant proportion of patients do not respond adequately, leading to increased risk of adverse outcomes. This study aims to develop a new and straightforward predictive score to identify PBC patients likely to achieve a complete response to UDCA. METHODS: A logistic regression analysis was conducted using a derivation cohort of PBC patients to identify pre-treatment variables associated with response to UDCA. This analysis led to the development of the ALP-A score, calculated as: Age at diagnosis divided by (alkaline phosphatase at diagnosis/upper limit of normal). ALP-A score accuracy was evaluated using the area under the ROC curve, validated with a large external cohort from Brazil. Additionally, the correlation between the ALP-A score and the previously validated UDCA response score (URS) was assessed. RESULTS: ALP-A score had good predictive power for adequate (AUC 0.794; 95% CI, 0.737-0.852) and deep (0.76; 95% CI, 0.69-0.83) UDCA response at 1 year of treatment. A cutoff score of 17 and 23 points was determined to be the optimal threshold for distinguishing adequate and deep responders, respectively, from non-responders. ALP-A score demonstrated a sensitivity of 73%, specificity of 71%, positive predictive value of 65%, negative predictive value of 78%, and overall accuracy of 72% for biochemical response. The URS displayed similar discriminative ability (AUC 0.798; 95% CI, 0.741-0.855). CONCLUSION: ALP-A score performs comparably to URS but offers the great advantage of simplicity for routine clinical use. It serves as a valuable tool to identify PBC patients less likely to respond to UDCA treatment, facilitating early consideration of alternative therapeutic approaches.

Dietary pattern in women with polycystic ovary syndrome with and without associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) have a higher prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) than the general population. PCOS and NAFLD have common metabolic risk factors, however, the role of diet in NAFLD development is still uncertain in PCOS women. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the dietary patterns and nutritional intake in patients with PCOS with and without NAFLD. METHOD: Cross-sectional study that included patients with PCOS diagnosed according to Rotterdam criteria. All participants were submitted to abdominal ultrasound to investigate liver steatosis. Dietary profile was assessed by 24-hour food recall (24hR), and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) adapted for the Brazilian population. Physical activity practice was also assessed. RESULTS: 87 participants were included (average age 35.2 ± 5.7 years), among whom, 67 (77%) had NAFLD. The group with PCOS and NAFLD presented higher body mass index (BMI) (34.9 ± 4.5 vs. 30.4 ± 4.9 kg/m2; p = 0.001), Waist Circumference (WC) (103 [97‒113] vs. 95 [87.5‒100] cm; p < 0.001) and were considered physically active less frequently than those without NAFLD (34.3% vs. 60%; p = 0.04). Food intake and dietary patterns assessed by 24hR, FFQ and HEI presented no difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: PCOS women with coexistent NAFLD had higher BMI, WC and were less physically active than those without NAFLD. Dietary evaluation showed that PCOS women with NAFLD had no significant difference in macro and micronutrients or food group intake and diet quality in comparison to those without NAFLD.

Liver steatosis as a predictor of incident diabetes in adults: a prospective evaluation in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes, and that NAFLD may precede and/or promote the development of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate whether liver steatosis is associated with the incidence of diabetes in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). The ELSA-Brasil is an occupational cohort study of active or retired civil servants, aged 35-74 years, in six capital cities in Brazil. We excluded participants with diabetes at baseline, those who reported excessive alcohol consumption or with missing information on relevant covariates, and those with self-referred hepatitis or cirrhosis. In total, 8,166 individuals participated, and the mean duration of follow-up was 3.8 years. The Cox proportional regression model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the associations. Abdominal ultrasonography was used to detect liver steatosis. In the follow-up period, the cumulative incidence of diabetes was 5.25% in the whole sample, 7.83% and 3.88% in the groups with and without hepatic steatosis, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared to those without steatosis, individuals with hepatic steatosis had an increased risk of developing diabetes (HR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.09-1.56) after adjustment for potential confounders, including body mass index (BMI). Hepatic steatosis was an independent predictor of incident diabetes in the ELSA-Brasil cohort study. Physicians should encourage changes in lifestyle and screen for diabetes in patients with fatty liver.

Poor cardiorespiratory fitness may be an indicator of more severe liver inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients.

INTRODUCTION: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to cardiovascular disease. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important indicator of cardiovascular health. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the CRF of NAFLD patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, including 32 patients with biopsy-proved NAFLD. The patients underwent ergometric test (ET) and six-minute walk test (6MWT) to determine CRF. The test results were compared to disease parameters and with each other. RESULTS: Considering the ET, 20 (62.5%) patients had very poor or poor CRF, and in 12 (37.5%), it was regular or good. In the 6MWT, 13 (40.6%) individuals had poor CRF, in 12 (37.5%), it was very poor, and in seven (21.9%), regular. NAFLD activity score (NAS) ≥5 was observed in 12 (37.5%) individuals. Twelve (37.5%) patients were sedentary, 11 (34.4%), insufficiently active, and nine (28.1%), active. Obesity and liver inflammation on biopsy were associated with very poor/poor CRF. NAS ≥5 and sedentary lifestyle were independently associated with very poor/poor CRF by ET. Although mean VO2max values determined by both tests were similar, no correlation of VO2max determined by ET and 6MWT was observed, as occurred for the distance walked in 6MWT and values of metabolic equivalent (MET) determined by ET. There was no reproducibility between CRF determined by ET and 6MWT. CONCLUSION: Most NAFLD patients had very poor or poor CRF. Severe liver injury (NAS ≥5) and sedentary lifestyle were independently associated with very poor/poor fitness, according to ET. No reproducibility was observed between the CRF defined by ET and 6MWT.

Risk factors for cancer in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis overlap syndrome.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and PBC overlap syndrome (AIH/PBC) have been associated with a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and extra-hepatic malignancy (EHM). This study aims to assess potential risk factors associated with cancer development in PBC and AIH/PBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Brazilian Cholestasis Study Group database was reviewed to compare clinical and laboratory features of PBC patients with HCC and EHM with those without cancer. RESULTS: Among the 752 PBC patients enrolled, 64 of them with AIH/PBC, 87 cancers were identified in 72 patients, including 20 cases of HCC and 67 of EHM. Patients with HCC had a higher prevalence of cirrhosis (95% vs. 32.5% of those subjects without cancer, p≤0.001), smoking (55% vs. 12.3%, p≤0.001), CREST syndrome (30% vs 7.6%, p=0.003) and prior azathioprine (30% vs 8%, p= 0.005) and prednisone (35% vs 14%, p= 0.018) use, whereas patients with EHM had a higher prevalence of smoking (42.3% vs 12.4% of those subjects without cancer, p= <0.001), AMA positivity (96.6% vs 80.1%, p≤0.001), azathioprine therapy (21% vs 7.9%, p= 0.01) and concurrent other autoimmune diseases. In multivariate analysis, cirrhosis, obesity and prior azathioprine therapy were independent risk factors for HCC, while Sjogren syndrome and psoriasis were associated with EHM. Fibrates reduced EHM risk. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of EHM is higher when compared to HCC in PBC patients. Cirrhosis, obesity, prior azathioprine use, and concurrent autoimmune diseases were significantly associated with cancer in PBC.

Response to Ursodeoxycholic Acid May Be Assessed Earlier to Allow Second-Line Therapy in Patients with Unresponsive Primary Biliary Cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: Response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) has been traditionally assessed 1 to 2 years after treatment initiation. With the development of new drugs, some patients may benefit from an earlier introduction of second-line therapies. AIMS: This study aims to identify whether well-validated response criteria could correctly identify individuals likely to benefit from add-on second-line therapy at 6 months. METHODS: Analysis of a multicenter retrospective cohort which included only patients with clear-cut PBC. RESULTS: 206 patients with PBC (96.6% women; mean age 54 ± 12 years) were included. Kappa concordance was substantial for Toronto (0.67), Rotterdam (0.65), Paris 1 (0.63) and 2 (0.63) criteria at 6 and 12 months, whereas Barcelona (0.47) and POISE trial (0.59) criteria exhibited moderate agreement. Non-response rates to UDCA was not statistically different when assessed either at 6 or 12 months using Toronto, Rotterdam or Paris 2 criteria. Those differences were even smaller or absent in those subjects with advanced PBC. Mean baseline alkaline phosphatase was 2.73 ± 1.95 times the upper limit of normal (× ULN) among responders versus 5.05 ± 3.08 × ULN in non-responders (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: After 6 months of treatment with UDCA, the absence of response by different criteria could properly identify patients who could benefit from early addition of second-line therapies, especially in patients with advanced disease or high baseline liver enzymes levels.

Liver steatosis as a predictor of incident diabetes in adults: a prospective evaluation in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) / Esteatose hepática como preditor de diabetes incidente em adultos: avaliação prospectiva no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) / Esteatosis hepática como predictor de diabetes incidente en adultos: evaluación prospectiva en el Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil)

Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes, and that NAFLD may precede and/or promote the development of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate whether liver steatosis is associated with the incidence of diabetes in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). The ELSA-Brasil is an occupational cohort study of active or retired civil servants, aged 35-74 years, in six capital cities in Brazil. We excluded participants with diabetes at baseline, those who reported excessive alcohol consumption or with missing information on relevant covariates, and those with self-referred hepatitis or cirrhosis. In total, 8,166 individuals participated, and the mean duration of follow-up was 3.8 years. The Cox proportional regression model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the associations. Abdominal ultrasonography was used to detect liver steatosis. In the follow-up period, the cumulative incidence of diabetes was 5.25% in the whole sample, 7.83% and 3.88% in the groups with and without hepatic steatosis, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared to those without steatosis, individuals with hepatic steatosis had an increased risk of developing diabetes (HR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.09-1.56) after adjustment for potential confounders, including body mass index (BMI). Hepatic steatosis was an independent predictor of incident diabetes in the ELSA-Brasil cohort study. Physicians should encourage changes in lifestyle and screen for diabetes in patients with fatty liver.

Evidências epidemiológicas crescentes sugerem uma relação bidirecional entre a doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) e o diabetes tipo 2 e que a DHGNA pode preceder e/ou promover o desenvolvimento de diabetes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a esteatose hepática está associada à incidência de diabetes no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). O ELSA-Brasil é um estudo de coorte ocupacional com servidores públicos ativos ou aposentados, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos, de seis capitais do Brasil. Foram excluídos os participantes com diabetes no início do estudo, aqueles que relataram consumo excessivo de álcool ou com falta de informações sobre covariáveis relevantes e indivíduos com hepatite ou cirrose autorreferida. No total, 8.166 indivíduos participaram e o tempo médio de seguimento foi de 3,8 anos. O modelo de regressão proporcional de Cox foi utilizado para estimar a razão de risco (HR) ajustada para as associações. A ultrassonografia abdominal foi utilizada para detectar esteatose hepática. No período de seguimento, a incidência cumulativa de diabetes foi de 5,25% em todo o grupo de participantes e de 7,83% e 3,88% nos grupos com e sem esteatose hepática, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Em comparação com aqueles sem esteatose, os indivíduos com esteatose hepática apresentaram um risco elevado de desenvolver diabetes (HR = 1,31; IC95%: 1,09-1,56) após o ajuste para potenciais fatores de confusão, incluindo o índice de massa corporal (IMC). A esteatose hepática foi um preditor independente de diabetes incidente no ELSA-Brasil. Os médicos devem incentivar mudanças no estilo de vida e a triagem para diabetes para pacientes com fígado gorduroso.

La creciente evidencia epidemiológica sugiere una relación bidireccional entre la enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólica (EHGNA) y la diabetes tipo 2 y que la EHGNA puede preceder y/o desarrollar la diabetes. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la esteatosis hepática está asociada con la incidencia de diabetes en el Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). ELSA-Brasil es un estudio de cohorte ocupacional, realizado con funcionarios públicos activos o jubilados, con edades entre 35 y 74 años, de seis capitales en Brasil. Se excluyeron a los participantes con diabetes al inicio del estudio, aquellos que informaron consumir excesivamente alcohol o que carecían de información sobre las covariables relevantes, y los individuos con hepatitis o cirrosis autorreportada. En total participaron 8.166 sujetos, y el tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 3,8 años. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión proporcional de Cox para estimar la razón de riesgo ajustada (HR) en las asociaciones. Se realizó ecografía abdominal para detectar esteatosis hepática. En el periodo de seguimiento, el grupo de participantes tuvo incidencia acumulada de diabetes del 5,25%, y en los grupos con y sin esteatosis hepática fueron del 7,83% y el 3,88%, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Los individuos con enfermedad de hígado graso tuvieron mayor riesgo de desarrollar diabetes (HR = 1,31; IC95%: 1,09-1,56) después de ajustar los posibles factores de confusión, incluido el índice de masa corporal (IMC), en comparación con aquellos sin esteatosis. La esteatosis hepática fue un predictor independiente de diabetes incidente en ELSA-Brasil. Los médicos deben alentar cambios en el estilo de vida y la detección de diabetes a los pacientes con hígado graso.

Dietary pattern in women with polycystic ovary syndrome with and without associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study

Abstract Introduction Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) have a higher prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) than the general population. PCOS and NAFLD have common metabolic risk factors, however, the role of diet in NAFLD development is still uncertain in PCOS women. Objective To evaluate and compare the dietary patterns and nutritional intake in patients with PCOS with and without NAFLD. Method Cross-sectional study that included patients with PCOS diagnosed according to Rotterdam criteria. All participants were submitted to abdominal ultrasound to investigate liver steatosis. Dietary profile was assessed by 24-hour food recall (24hR), and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) adapted for the Brazilian population. Physical activity practice was also assessed. Results 87 participants were included (average age 35.2 ± 5.7 years), among whom, 67 (77%) had NAFLD. The group with PCOS and NAFLD presented higher body mass index (BMI) (34.9 ± 4.5 vs. 30.4 ± 4.9 kg/m2; p = 0.001), Waist Circumference (WC) (103 [97‒113] vs. 95 [87.5‒100] cm; p < 0.001) and were considered physically active less frequently than those without NAFLD (34.3% vs. 60%; p = 0.04). Food intake and dietary patterns assessed by 24hR, FFQ and HEI presented no difference between the groups. Conclusions PCOS women with coexistent NAFLD had higher BMI, WC and were less physically active than those without NAFLD. Dietary evaluation showed that PCOS women with NAFLD had no significant difference in macro and micronutrients or food group intake and diet quality in comparison to those without NAFLD.

Occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic liver disease of different etiology in a Brazilian referral center: comparison of two different hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid amplification protocols: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is defined as the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the liver of individuals with undetectable hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in the serum. The actual prevalence of OBI and its clinical relevance are not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of HBV DNA in liver biopsies of HBsAg-negative patients with chronic liver disease of different etiologies in a referral center in Brazil and compare two different HBV DNA amplification protocols to detect HBV. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Liver Outpatient Clinic, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, between January 2016 and December 2019. METHODS: HBV DNA was investigated in 104 liver biopsy samples from individuals with chronic liver disease of different etiologies, in whom HBsAg was undetectable in serum by nested-polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR), using two different protocols. RESULTS: OBI, diagnosed by detecting HBV DNA using both protocols, was detected in 6.7% of the 104 individuals investigated. Both protocols showed a good reliability. CONCLUSION: In addition to the differences in the prevalence of HBV infection in different regions, variations in the polymerase chain reaction technique used for HBV DNA amplification may be responsible for the large variations in the prevalence of OBI identified in different studies. There is a need for better standardization of the diagnostic methods used to diagnose this entity.

Occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic liver disease of different etiology in a Brazilian referral center: comparison of two different hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid amplification protocols: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is defined as the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the liver of individuals with undetectable hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in the serum. The actual prevalence of OBI and its clinical relevance are not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of HBV DNA in liver biopsies of HBsAg-negative patients with chronic liver disease of different etiologies in a referral center in Brazil and compare two different HBV DNA amplification protocols to detect HBV. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Liver Outpatient Clinic, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, between January 2016 and December 2019. METHODS: HBV DNA was investigated in 104 liver biopsy samples from individuals with chronic liver disease of different etiologies, in whom HBsAg was undetectable in serum by nested-polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR), using two different protocols. RESULTS: OBI, diagnosed by detecting HBV DNA using both protocols, was detected in 6.7% of the 104 individuals investigated. Both protocols showed a good reliability. CONCLUSION: In addition to the differences in the prevalence of HBV infection in different regions, variations in the polymerase chain reaction technique used for HBV DNA amplification may be responsible for the large variations in the prevalence of OBI identified in different studies. There is a need for better standardization of the diagnostic methods used to diagnose this entity.

Carvedilol as secondary prophylaxis for variceal bleeding in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.

BACKGROUND: Upper variceal bleeding (UVB) is a possible complication of portal hypertension secondary to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS). Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker used as secondary prophylaxis for UVB, but no previous studies have addressed carvedilol effects in rebleeding prevention. METHODS: A retrospective exploratory study of 57 patients with chronic HSS and index UVB treated with endoscopic variceal ligation and propranolol or carvedilol was conducted. The primary outcome was UVB-free time in the first 12 mo after the initial bleeding episode. RESULTS: Propranolol was used for secondary UVB prophylaxis in 43 (75.4%) participants (median dose 80 [interquartile range - IQR 60-80] mg/d) and carvedilol in 14 (24.6%) participants (median dose 12.5 [IQR 7.9-25.0] mg/d). During a 12-mo follow-up, rebleeding was observed in 13 (22.8%) patients, 9 (20.9%) of those treated with propranolol and 4 (28.6%) treated with carvedilol (p=0.715). Mean time from the beginning of drug prophylaxis to rebleeding was 6±3 mo and there was no difference between that for propranolol vs carvedilol subgroups. Portal vein thrombosis did not influence the bleeding recurrence in either subgroup. CONCLUSION: Carvedilol may be equally effective as propranolol in preventing secondary UVB in HSS at 12-mo follow-up.

Noninvasive predictors of esophageal varices in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni.

BACKGROUND: No previous study have evaluated transient elastography for predicting esophageal varices in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. AIM: To investigate noninvasive methods of predicting esophageal varices in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. METHODS: Cross-sectional multicentric study included 51 patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Patients underwent ultrasonography-dopplerfluxometry, upper endoscopy, complete blood cell count and transient elastography (Fibroscan®) for liver and spleen stiffness measurement (LSM and SSM). Noninvasive scores previously established for cirrhotic population were studied: platelet count to spleen diameter ratio (PSR), LSM-spleen diameter to platelet ratio score (LSPS) and varices risk score (VRS). We proposed a version of LSPS and VRS by replacing LSM with SSM and named them SSPS and modified-VRS, respectively. RESULTS: Esophageal varices were detected in 42 (82.4%) subjects. Individuals with varices presented higher SSM (73.5 vs 36.3 Kpa, p = 0.001), splenic vein diameter (10.8 vs 8.0 mm, p = 0.017), SSPS (18.7 vs 6.7, p = 0.003) and modified-VRS (4.0 vs 1.4, p = 0.013), besides lower PSR (332 vs 542, p = 0.038), than those without varices. SSPS was independently associated with varices presence (OR=1.19, 95%CI 1.03-1.37, p = 0.020) after multivariate analysis. In a model excluding noninvasive scores, SSM was independently associated with varices diagnosis (OR=1.09, 95%CI 1.03-1.16, p = 0.004). AUROC was 0.856 (95%CI 0.752-0.961, p = 0.001) for SSM and 0.816 (95%CI 0.699-0.932, p = 0.003) for SSPS (p = 0.551). CONCLUSIONS: Spleen-related variables were predictors of esophageal varices: SSM, splenic vein diameter, SSPS, modified-VRS and PSR. Multivariate models indicated that SSM and SSPS are useful tools for predicting varices in non-cirrhotic portal hypertension by hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and may be used in clinical practice.

Anti-mitochondrial Antibody-Negative Primary Biliary Cholangitis Is Part of the Same Spectrum of Classical Primary Biliary Cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease in which anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are the diagnostic hallmark. Whether AMA-negative PBC patients represent a different phenotype of disease is highly debated. AIMS: The purpose of our study was to compare AMA-positive and AMA-negative PBC patients in a large non-white admixed Brazilian cohort. METHODS: The Brazilian Cholestasis Study Group multicentre database was reviewed to assess demographics, clinical features and treatment outcomes of Brazilian PBC patients, stratifying data according to AMA status. RESULTS: A total of 464 subjects (95.4% females, mean age 56 ± 5 years) with PBC were included. Three hundred and eighty-four (83%) subjects were AMA-positive, whereas 80 (17%) had AMA-negative PBC. Subjects with AMA-negative PBC were significantly younger (52.2 ± 14 vs. 59.6 ± 11 years, p = 0.001) and had their first symptom at an earlier age (43.2 ± 13 vs. 49.5 ± 12 years, p = 0.005). Frequency of type 2 diabetes was significantly increased in subjects with AMA-negative PBC (22.5% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.03). Lower IgM (272.2 ± 183 vs. 383.2 ± 378 mg/dL, p = 0.01) and triglycerides (107.6 ± 59.8 vs.129.3 ± 75.7 mg/dL, p = 0.025) and higher bilirubin (3.8 ± 13.5 vs. 1.8 ± 3.4 mg/dL, p = 0.02) levels were also observed in this subgroup. Response to ursodeoxycholic acid varied from 40.5 to 63.3% in AMA-positive and 34 to 62.3% in AMA-negative individuals, according to different response criteria. Outcomes such as development of liver-related complications, death and requirement for liver transplantation were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: AMA-negative PBC patients are similar to their AMA-positive counterparts with subtle differences observed in clinical and laboratory features.

Pregnancy Outcomes in Wilson's Disease Women: Single-Center Case Series.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and compare pregnancy outcomes in women with Wilson's disease (WD) undergoing different therapies during pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of medication in WD patients during pregnancy and the outcomes. RESULTS: Of 26 pregnancies, zinc was used in 14 (53.8%), D-penicillamine in 4 (15.4%) patients, and 8 (30.8%) were untreated. Spontaneous abortion was observed in 8 (30.8%) pregnancies - untreated patients (4/8 pregnancies), zinc (2/14 pregnancies) and D-penicillamine (2/4 pregnancies) -, healthy outcome in 12 (46.1%) and birth defects in 6 (23.1%). All cases of birth defects occurred in patients using zinc therapy (6/14 pregnancies). CONCLUSIONS: A remarkably high frequency of fetal complications shed lights on the potentially harmful effect of WD drugs during childbearing age. Zinc's safety profile may have to be better evaluated during pregnancy, as all of birth defects occurred with zinc therapy.

Clinical features and treatment outcomes of primary biliary cholangitis in a highly admixed population.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Little is known about primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) in non-whites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical features and outcomes of PBC in a highly admixed population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Brazilian Cholestasis Study Group multicentre database was reviewed to assess demographics, clinical features and treatment outcomes of Brazilian patients with PBC. RESULTS: 562 patients (95% females, mean age 51 ± 11 years) with PBC were included. Concurrent autoimmune diseases and overlap with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) occurred, respectively, in 18.9% and 14%. After a mean follow-up was 6.2 ± 5.3 years, 32% had cirrhosis, 7% underwent liver transplantation and 3% died of liver-related causes. 96% were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and 12% required add-on therapy with fibrates, either bezafibrate, fenofibrate or ciprofibrate. Response to UDCA and to UDCA/fibrates therapy varied from 39%-67% and 42-61%, respectively, according to different validated criteria. Advanced histological stages and non-adherence to treatment were associated with primary non-response to UDCA, while lower baseline alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels correlated with better responses to both UDCA and UDCA/fibrates. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical features of PBC in highly admixed Brazilians were similar to those reported in Caucasians and Asians, but with inferior rates of overlap syndrome with AIH. Response to UDCA was lower than expected and inversely associated with histological stage and baseline AST and ALP levels. Most of patients benefited from add-on fibrates, including ciprofibrate. A huge heterogeneity in response to UDCA therapy according to available international criteria was observed and reinforces the need of global standardization.

Clinical Features and Outcomes of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in the Highly Admixed Brazilian Population.

Background: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is associated with a broad phenotypic spectrum in different populations from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of PSC in a multicenter cohort of patients from Brazil. Methods: Data from the Brazilian Cholestasis Study Group were retrospectively reviewed to assess demographic information and clinical characteristics of PSC, as well as the outcomes, such as transplantation-free survival. Results: This cohort included 210 patients. After excluding 33 (15.7%) patients with PSC and overlap syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis, 177 (97 males, median age 33 (21-42) years) with clear-cut PSC were eligible for this study. Most of the patients (n = 139, 78.5%) were symptomatic, and 104 (58.7%) had advanced PSC at the time of diagnosis. Concurrent inflammatory bowel disease was observed in 78 (58.6%) of the investigated patients (n = 133), and most of them had ulcerative colitis (n = 61, 78.2%). The 1- and 5-year survival free of liver transplantation or death were 92.3 ± 2.1% and 66.9 ± 4.2%, respectively, and baseline advanced PSC, pruritus, and elevated bilirubin levels were independent risk factors for the composite adverse outcome. Females were significantly older and had lower bilirubin levels than males at baseline, but survival was not associated with sex. Approximately 12.4% (n = 22) of patients with PSC died, and 32.8% (n = 58) underwent liver transplantation at a median follow-up time of 5.3 and 3.2 years. Conclusion: Multiethnic Brazilian PSC patients exhibited a less pronounced male predominance and a lower frequency of inflammatory bowel disease than Caucasians. Adverse outcomes were more frequent, probably due to advanced disease at baseline.

Evaluation of drug-induced liver injury as etiology for acute liver failure in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the etiology of acute liver failure (ALF) in Latin America. The objective of this paper is to investigate the main etiologies of ALF in Brazil, including Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI) using stringent causality criteria. PATIENTS OR MATERIAL AND METHODS: All the cases of individuals who underwent liver transplantation (LT) in 12 centers in Brazil for ALF were reviewed. When DILI was stated as the cause of ALF, causality criteria were applied on site by the main investigator in order to rule out other etiologies. RESULTS: 325 individuals had ALF mainly for unknown reasons (34%), DILI (27%) and AIH (18%). Reassessment of the 89 cases of DILI, using stringent causality criteria, revealed that in only 42 subjects could DILI be confirmed as the cause of ALF. Acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity (n = 3) or DILI due to herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) (n = 2) were not commonly observed. CONCLUSIONS: Undetermined etiology and DILI are the main causes of ALF in Brazil. However, APAP toxicity and DILI due to HDS are mostly uncommon.

Latent tuberculosis: Risk factors, screening and treatment in liver transplantation recipients from an endemic area.

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing solid organ transplantation, particularly those who live or have lived in tuberculosis (TB) endemic areas, are at a high risk of developing TB. The majority of post-transplantation TB cases are associated with reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI). Brazil is in a single position with overlapping areas of high TB endemicity and high transplant activity. In liver transplant (LT), one should be aware of the potential hepatotoxicity associated with the treatment regimens for LTBI. AIM: To evaluate the frequency of LTBI in LT patients and treatment-related issues. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of a cohort of cirrhotic patients aged ≥ 18 years, who underwent LT at a high-complexity teaching hospital from January 2005 to December 2012. RESULTS: Overall, 429 patients underwent LT during the study period. Of these, 213 (49.7%) underwent the tuberculin skin test (TST) during the pre-transplant period, and 35 (16.4%) of them had a positive result. The treatment for LTBI was initiated after LT in 12 (34.3%) of the TST-positive patients; in 3 (25.0%), treatment was maintained for at least 6 mo. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of LTBI was lower than expected. Initiation and completion of LTBI treatment was limited by difficulties in the management of these special patients.

Fibrates for the Treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis Unresponsive to Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An Exploratory Study.

Aim: Up to 40% of patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) will have a suboptimal biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which can be improved by the addition of fibrates. This exploratory study aims to evaluate the long-term real-life biochemical response of different fibrates, including ciprofibrate, in subjects with UDCA-unresponsive PBC. Methods: The Brazilian Cholestasis Study Group multicenter database was reviewed to assess the response rates to UDCA plus fibrates in patients with UDCA-unresponsive PBC 1 and 2 years after treatment initiation by different validated criteria. Results: In total, 27 patients (100% women, mean age 48.9 ± 9.2 years) with PBC were included. Overall response rates to fibrates by each validated criterion varied from 39 to 60% and 39-76% at 12 and 24 months after treatment combination, respectively. Combination therapy resulted in a significant decrease in ALT and ALP only after 2 years, while GGT significantly improved in the first year of treatment. Treatment response rates at 1 and 2 years appear to be comparable between ciprofibrate and bezafibrate using all available criteria. Conclusion: Our findings endorse the efficacy of fibrate add-on treatment in PBC patients with suboptimal response to UDCA. Ciprofibrate appears to be at least as effective as bezafibrate and should be assessed in large clinical trials as a possibly new, cheaper, and promising option for treatment of UDCA-unresponsive PBC patients.